Index

• Accidental Liability
• Are all police officers criminals?
• Are animals capable of sympathy and altruism?
• Are rights contingent upon good behavior?
• Are there gradations of rights?
• Are threats crimes?
• Are we no better than beasts?
• Aristocracy
• Autistic Interventions

• Ballots as Substitutes for Bullets
• Basic Rights and Punishment
• Basic Rights, Property Rights, and Invasion
• Belief in morality preceded human reason and made reasoning possible.
• Binary Interventions
• Bonus Question: Isn't it contradictory to use utilitarian arguments to support the moral sense?

• Can science solve the problem?
• Can the Golden Rule help us find basic rights?
• Can you own land?
• Case for Voluntary Slavery
• Chaos of Private Retribution
• Choice Maximization versus Justice
• Civil Rights versus Natural Rights
• Communal Ownership versus Private Property
• Compensation
• Conspiracies and Discrimination
• Control of Economic Activity
• Coping with Competition
• Criminal Liability
• Criteria for Basic Rights
• Criteria for Property Rights

• Definition of the State
• Definitions
• Democracy
• Democracy and Natural Rights
• Denial of natural rights leads to conclusions we do not accept.
• Deterrence
• Discovering and claiming are not enough.
• Discrimination by Race
• Discrimination can be just without being fair.
• Do animals have goals and interests?
• Do animals have intelligence and learning ability?
• Do animals have languages and consciences?
• Do animals have rights?
• Do criminals have limited liability?
• Doctor Analogy
• Does Kant's categorical imperative help us find basic rights?
• Does society have rights?
• Does the moral sense deny free will and moral responsibility?
• Do inanimate objects have rights?
• Do plants have rights?
• Do we have equal property rights?
• Do we have rights only while we exhibit good behavior?
• Do we have the right to defend ourselves?
• Do we have the right to punish criminals?
• Do we have the right to requisition what we need?
• Do you have the right to own yourself?

• Economic Analysis of Laws and Justice
• Efficiency
• Evolution of Democracy
• Explicit Social Contracts

• Fairness through politics is unjust
• Freedom is unstable.
• free market can provide more services than most people realize.

• General Will

• Here are some of the questions to be answered.
• Here are some preliminary definitions.
• Here is what I mean by punishment.
• Higher Law, Natural Law, and Supernatural Law
• How about equality except for age?
• How about equality except for age and gender?
• How about total equality except for natural differences?
• How about total equality except for natural differences and manufactured differences necessary for moral agents to act as moral agents?
• How are property rights acquired in an unhampered market?
• How does this affect contracts?
• How is ownership established?
• How to End War
• Human Rights and Property Rights
• Humans have advantages over other moral agents.

• Ideas can be property.
• If belief in morality is based on a sense rather than reason, then isn't it arbitrary?
• If we have a moral sense, why aren't we always good?
• If we have a moral sense, why don't we know about it?
• Implicit Social Contracts
• Is action based on the moral sense selfish?
• Is all private property alienable?
• Is equality a basic right?
• Is equal opportunity a basic right?
• Is fraud a crime?
• Is it a crime to consort with criminals?
• Is it a crime to vote on referenda?
• Is it a crime to vote for people seeking government offices?
• Is it alright to serve in the armed forces?
• Is it wrong to help a criminal?
• Is it wrong to run for office?
• Is man a moral agent?
• Is punishment necessary?
• Is punishment the wages of sin?
• Is total equality a basic right?
• Is voting a crime?
• Is voting coercive?
• It is OK to take the law into your own hands.
• It's hard to be objective.

• Justice can be enforced by violence if necessary.
• Justice is not fair.
• Justice requires an unhampered economy.
• Justice takes priority.

• Landlord Analogy
• Land reform may be morally required.
• Legislative Services
• Legitimate Ways to Get Property
• Liberty and Freedom

• Marxism
• Measuring Crime and Punishment by the Suffering They Cause
• Military Services
• Minimal State
• Moral agents must have freedom to act.
• Moral agents must have innate values.
• moral agent must have moral principles that sometimes conflict with his other values.
• Moral agents must have the reasoning faculty.
• Moral agents must live in a world of scarcity.
• Moral agents must live in society.
• Moral Status of the State
• Most people want these results.
• Must we do no harm?
• Must we take up arms against the state?
• My method is logical rather than empirical.

• Natural Law versus Aristocracy
• Natural Selection
• Normal people believe in natural rights.
• Nuclear weapons are crimes.

• Other Applications of Property Law
• Other Services
• Our consciences show us that we believe in right and wrong.

• Passive-Submission Argument
• Personal Gain as a Source of Evil
• Police, Judicial, and Penal Services
• Political Path from Selfishness to Socialism
• Political Responses to Unfairness
• Poor Reasoning as a Source of Evil
• Private Murder versus Noble War
• Problem of Establishing a Uniform Schedule of Punishments
• Punishment is a reason for the state.
• Punishment is deliberate, not natural.
• Punishment is physical, not merely psychological.
• Pure Democracy

• Reason by itself does not require us to be moral.
• Recapitulation of the Roundabout Argument So Far
• Redistribution of Wealth
• Reductio ad Absurdum
• Reform
• Regulation of Competition
• Religious Responses to Unfairness
• Representative Government
• Requisition Right in Modern Society
• Retribution
• Reverse Discrimination
• Rights-Based Punishment Theories
• right to self-defense implies other basic rights.
• risks of life will be minimized.
• Roundabout Argument for Basic Rights
• Running with the Pack

• Science and rational analysis cannot give us values.
• Science of Social Law versus Natural Law.
• Scientific Evidence
• Scientific Findings About the Unhampered Market
• Selected Applications and Implications of Property Rights
• Self-defense can preserve autonomy.
• Self-Fulfillment and the Free Market
• Service-Contract Analogy
• Short Argument for Basic Rights
• Should we love our enemies?
• Social Conservative Approach to Unfairness
• Social-Contract Theories
• Social-Democratic Approach to Law and Order
• Social-Democratic Remedy for Social Inequities
• Social-Democrat Response to Unfairness
• Social democrats in the USA hurt poor people.
• Soldiers are slaves.
• Some people are moral agents with rights.
• Some services cannot be provide by the free market.
• State as a Category of Thought
• State as a Prerequisite for Society
• State as God
• State as the Adult Supervisor of Society
• State as the Central Planner for Society
• State as Jailer and Punisher
• State as the Only Defense Against Nuclear War
• State as the Repository of Accumulated Wisdom
• state is a criminal organization.
• State versus Private Financing
• Steps
• Summary
• Summary of My Thesis
• Summary of Services Essential to the State
• Summary of the Political Means
• Summary of the Requirements to Be a Moral Agent
• Superficial Arguments Against Voluntary Cooperation

• Taking an Eye for an Eye to Impose Objective Punishment
• Taking Money from the Government
• Taxation
• There is physical evidence of the moral sense.
• This book has multiple levels of detail.
• This book is only about justice.
• This is what I mean by moral agents, moral values, and the moral sense.
• This is what I mean by rights and duties.
• Tolerance and Moral Relativism
• Treatment of People
• Triangular Interventions

• unhampered market will defend itself.
• Universal Ownership versus Private Property
• Utilitarian Punishment Theories

• Voluntary cooperation works.
• The Voluntaryist Argument
• Voluntary Production and Distribution versus Requisition

• War
• We have found more basic rights.
• We need to step outside science to make value judgments.
• What are the differences between rights violations, threats, invasions, and crimes?
• What else can you own?
• What ends does the state serve?
• What exchanges are consistent with the unhampered market?
• What exchanges are not consistent with the unhampered market?
• What is fairness?
• What is the nature of a moral agent?
• What is the purpose of punishment?
• What is the starting point of moral philosophy?
• What means does the state use?
• Where does the idea of retribution come from?
• Where do we go from here?
• Who deserves to be punished?
• Who else is a moral agent?.
• Who has rights?
• Who has the right to punish?
• Who should rule?
• Why do people condone the state?
• Why do people disagree about justice?
• Why should we be just?
• Why You Have No Right to Sell Yourself
• Working for Criminals

Go back to the table of contents.

Go back to Libertarian Essays by Roy Halliday.

This page was last updated on January 1, 2003.
This site is maintained by Roy Halliday. If you have any comments or suggestions, please send them to royhalliday@mindspring.com.